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The , commonly called , originate in relatively recent settlement from mainland Japan. The greater part of Hokkaidō was settled from a mix of areas from the Meiji period on, especially from the Tōhoku and Hokuriku regions, so various Japanese dialects mixed together on Hokkaidō. The relationship of Hokkaidō dialect to the rest of Japanese—and whether there even is a coherent Hokkaidō dialect—are debated. Shibata (2003) mentions three theories:〔Takeshi Shibata, in 月刊言語 ''Gekkan Gengo'', January 2003, vol. 32, no. 1, pp 26–29〕 #Inland varieties are part of Kantō dialect, while coastal varieties are part of Tōhoku dialect #There is a single Hokkaidō dialect, which is a distinct branch of Eastern Japanese #There is a Hokkaidō dialect, but it descends from Niigata dialect (one of the Tōkai–Tōsan dialects), a transitional form with Western Japanese features. Tōhoku influence is strongest in coastal areas, especially on Oshima Peninsula in the south, where the local variety is commonly called . The urban dialect of Sapporo is quite close to Standard Japanese. Western features may have been brought by merchants from Kansai and Hokuriku with the ''kitamaebune'' trade routes. Also spoken on Hokkaidō is the Ainu language, which was widely spoken there before Japanese settlement and still has a few elderly speakers. ==Expressions== *The ''-re'' imperative form for ichidan verbs and s-irregular verb instead of Standard form ''-ro'' *The volitional and presumptive suffix ''-be''; from Tohoku dialect *The presumptive suffix ''-sho'' or ''-ssho''; contraction of Standard polite presumptive form ''deshō'' *''tōkibi'' for "corn" instead of Standard ''tōmorokoshi''; also used in many Japanese dialects *''shibareru'' for "to freeze, freezing cold" instead of Standard ''kogoeru''; from Tohoku dialect *''nageru'' for "to throw away" instead of Standard ''suteru''; from Tohoku dialect; ''nageru'' means "to throw" in Standard *''waya'' for "fruitless, no good" instead of Standard ''dame''; from Western Japanese *''shitakke'' for casual "good-bye" or "then" instead of Standard ''(sore) ja'' *''namara'' for "very" instead of Standard ''totemo''; since the 1970s from Niigata dialect 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hokkaido dialects」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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